1 Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Incontinence Care and Management

1.2 Classification of Incontinence Care and Management by Type

1.2.1 Overview: Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Type: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026

1.2.2 Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020

1.2.3 Adult Diapers

1.2.4 Incontinence Catheters

1.2.5 Drainage Bags

1.2.6 Artificial Urinary & Bowel Sphincters

1.2.7 Slings

1.2.8 Pessaries

1.2.9 Clamps

1.2.10 Sacral nerve

1.2.11 Electrical Stimulation

1.3 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market by Application

1.3.1 Overview: Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Application: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026

1.3.2 Clinical

1.3.3 Homecare

1.4 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size & Forecast

1.5 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast by Region

1.5.1 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026

1.5.2 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Region, (2016-2021)

1.5.3 North America Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)

1.5.4 Europe Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)

1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)

1.5.6 South America Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)

1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)

1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends

1.6.1 Incontinence Care and Management Market Drivers

1.6.2 Incontinence Care and Management Market Restraints

1.6.3 Incontinence Care and Management Trends Analysis

2 Company Profiles

2.1 B.Braun

2.1.1 B.Braun Details

2.1.2 B.Braun Major Business

2.1.3 B.Braun Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.1.4 B.Braun Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.1.5 B.Braun Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.2 C.R. Bard

2.2.1 C.R. Bard Details

2.2.2 C.R. Bard Major Business

2.2.3 C.R. Bard Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.2.4 C.R. Bard Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.2.5 C.R. Bard Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.3 Coloplast

2.3.1 Coloplast Details

2.3.2 Coloplast Major Business

2.3.3 Coloplast Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.3.4 Coloplast Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.3.5 Coloplast Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.4 Cook Medical

2.4.1 Cook Medical Details

2.4.2 Cook Medical Major Business

2.4.3 Cook Medical Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.4.4 Cook Medical Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.4.5 Cook Medical Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.5 Cooper Surgical

2.5.1 Cooper Surgical Details

2.5.2 Cooper Surgical Major Business

2.5.3 Cooper Surgical Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.5.4 Cooper Surgical Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.5.5 Cooper Surgical Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.6 Medtronic

2.6.1 Medtronic Details

2.6.2 Medtronic Major Business

2.6.3 Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.6.4 Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.6.5 Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.7 Hollister

2.7.1 Hollister Details

2.7.2 Hollister Major Business

2.7.3 Hollister Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.7.4 Hollister Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.7.5 Hollister Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.8 Johnson & Johnson

2.8.1 Johnson & Johnson Details

2.8.2 Johnson & Johnson Major Business

2.8.3 Johnson & Johnson Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.8.4 Johnson & Johnson Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.8.5 Johnson & Johnson Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.9 Kimberly Clark

2.9.1 Kimberly Clark Details

2.9.2 Kimberly Clark Major Business

2.9.3 Kimberly Clark Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.9.4 Kimberly Clark Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.9.5 Kimberly Clark Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.10 Medtronic

2.10.1 Medtronic Details

2.10.2 Medtronic Major Business

2.10.3 Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.10.4 Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.10.5 Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.11 SCA

2.11.1 SCA Details

2.11.2 SCA Major Business

2.11.3 SCA Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

2.11.4 SCA Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.11.5 SCA Recent Developments and Future Plans

3 Market Competition, by Players

3.1 Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2021)

3.2 Market Concentration Rate

3.2.1 Top 3 Incontinence Care and Management Players Market Share

3.2.2 Top 10 Incontinence Care and Management Players Market Share

3.2.3 Market Competition Trend

3.3 Incontinence Care and Management Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided

3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions

3.5 New Entrants and Expansion Plans

4 Market Size Segment by Type

4.1 Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)

4.2 Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Forecast by Type (2021-2026)

5 Market Size Segment by Application

5.1 Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)

5.2 Incontinence Care and Management Market Forecast by Application (2021-2026)

6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application

6.1 North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

6.2 North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

6.3 North America Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Country

6.3.1 North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

6.3.2 United States Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

6.3.3 Canada Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

6.3.4 Mexico Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application

7.1 Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

7.2 Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

7.3 Europe Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Country

7.3.1 Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

7.3.2 Germany Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.3 France Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.4 United Kingdom Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.5 Russia Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.6 Italy Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application

8.1 Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

8.2 Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

8.3 Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Region

8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Region (2016-2026)

8.3.2 China Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.3 Japan Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.4 South Korea Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.5 India Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.6 Southeast Asia Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.7 Australia Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application

9.1 South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

9.2 South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

9.3 South America Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Country

9.3.1 South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

9.3.2 Brazil Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.3 Argentina Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application

10.1 Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

10.2 Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

10.3 Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Market Size by Country

10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

10.3.2 Turkey Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

10.3.4 UAE Incontinence Care and Management Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

11 Research Findings and Conclusion

12 Appendix

12.1 Methodology

12.2 Research Process and Data Source

12.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026

Table 2. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026

Table 3. Global Market Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2016 VS 2021 VS 2026)

Table 4. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2016-2021)

Table 5. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026)

Table 6. B.Braun Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 7. B.Braun Major Business

Table 8. B.Braun Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 9. B.Braun Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 10. C.R. Bard Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 11. C.R. Bard Major Business

Table 12. C.R. Bard Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 13. C.R. Bard Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 14. Coloplast Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 15. Coloplast Major Business

Table 16. Coloplast Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 17. Coloplast Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 18. Cook Medical Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 19. Cook Medical Major Business

Table 20. Cook Medical Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 21. Cook Medical Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 22. Cooper Surgical Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 23. Cooper Surgical Major Business

Table 24. Cooper Surgical Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 25. Cooper Surgical Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 26. Medtronic Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 27. Medtronic Major Business

Table 28. Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 29. Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 30. Hollister Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 31. Hollister Major Business

Table 32. Hollister Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 33. Hollister Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 34. Johnson & Johnson Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 35. Johnson & Johnson Major Business

Table 36. Johnson & Johnson Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 37. Johnson & Johnson Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 38. Kimberly Clark Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 39. Kimberly Clark Major Business

Table 40. Kimberly Clark Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 41. Kimberly Clark Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 42. Medtronic Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 43. Medtronic Major Business

Table 44. Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 45. Medtronic Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 46. SCA Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 47. SCA Major Business

Table 48. SCA Incontinence Care and Management Product and Solutions

Table 49. SCA Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

Table 50. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2021)

Table 51. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Share by Players (2019-2021)

Table 52. Breakdown of Incontinence Care and Management by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)

Table 53. Incontinence Care and Management Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided

Table 54. Incontinence Care and Management Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years

Table 55. Incontinence Care and Management New Entrants and Expansion Plans

Table 56. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2016-2021)

Table 57. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)

Table 58. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)

Table 59. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021)

Table 60. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026)

Table 61. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 62. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 63. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 64. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 65. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 66. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 67. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 68. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 69. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 70. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 71. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 72. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 73. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 74. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 75. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 76. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 77. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 78. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 79. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 80. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 81. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 82. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 83. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 84. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 85. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 86. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 87. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 88. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 89. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)

Table 90. Middle East & Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

List of Figures

Figure 1. Incontinence Care and Management Picture

Figure 2. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020

Figure 3. Adult Diapers

Figure 4. Incontinence Catheters

Figure 5. Drainage Bags

Figure 6. Artificial Urinary & Bowel Sphincters

Figure 7. Slings

Figure 8. Pessaries

Figure 9. Clamps

Figure 10. Sacral nerve

Figure 11. Electrical Stimulation

Figure 12. Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020

Figure 13. Clinical Picture

Figure 14. Homecare Picture

Figure 15. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue, (USD Million): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026

Figure 16. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 17. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 18. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020

Figure 19. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)

Figure 20. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)

Figure 21. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)

Figure 22. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)

Figure 23. Middle East and Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)

Figure 24. Incontinence Care and Management Market Drivers

Figure 25. Incontinence Care and Management Market Restraints

Figure 26. Incontinence Care and Management Market Trends

Figure 27. B.Braun Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 28. C.R. Bard Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 29. Coloplast Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 30. Cook Medical Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 31. Cooper Surgical Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 32. Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 33. Hollister Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 34. Johnson & Johnson Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 35. Kimberly Clark Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 36. Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 37. SCA Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 38. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Share by Players in 2020

Figure 39. Incontinence Care and Management Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)

Figure 40. Global Top 3 Players Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share in 2020

Figure 41. Global Top 10 Players Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share in 2020

Figure 42. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2019 VS 2020 VS 2021)

Figure 43. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Share by Type in 2020

Figure 44. Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026)

Figure 45. Global Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Share by Application in 2020

Figure 46. Global Incontinence Care and Management Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2026)

Figure 47. North America Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 48. North America Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 49. North America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 50. United States Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 51. Canada Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 52. Mexico Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 53. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 54. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 55. Europe Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 56. Germany Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 57. France Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 58. United Kingdom Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 59. Russia Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 60. Italy Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 64. China Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 65. Japan Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 66. South Korea Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 67. India Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 68. Southeast Asia Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 69. Australia Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 70. South America Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 71. South America Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 72. South America Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 73. Brazil Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 74. Argentina Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 75. Middle East and Africa Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 76. Middle East and Africa Incontinence Care and Management Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 77. Middle East and Africa Incontinence Care and Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 78. Turkey Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 79. Saudi Arabia Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 80. UAE Incontinence Care and Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 81. Methodology

Figure 82. Research Process and Data Source